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Orthant
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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Ein Orthant bezeichnet in der Geometrie die Teilmenge des d {\displaystyle d} -dimensionalen Raumes R d {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}} , die auf jeweils genau einer Seite der durch den Ursprung verlaufenden achsenparallelen Hyperebenen liegt. Ein Orthant ist damit eine Menge der Form
{ x = ( x 1 , β¦ β¦ , x d ) β β R d β£ β£ x i β
β
d i β₯ β₯ 0 } {\displaystyle \{x=(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{d})\in \mathbb {R} ^{d}\mid x_{i}\cdot d_{i}\geq 0\}} ,
Daraus folgt, dass es genau 2 d {\displaystyle 2^{d}} Orthanten gibt. Genauer spricht man von abgeschlossenen Orthanten, denn es handelt sich um abgeschlossene Mengen. Die offenen Orthanten erhΓ€lt man, wenn man in obiger Definition das β₯ β₯ {\displaystyle \geq } durch die strikte Ungleichung > {\displaystyle >} ersetzt.
Manche Autoren betrachten auch um einen festen Vektor verschobene Orthanten. So wird incite-ref-3[3] die Menge { x β β R d β£ β£ x β€ β€ a } {\displaystyle \{x\in \mathbb {R} ^{d}\mid x\leq a\}} als der untere Orthant an den Vektor a β β R d {\displaystyle a\in \mathbb {R} ^{d}} bezeichnet.
Contents
β’ Beispiele
β’ Einzelnachweise
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
Beispiele
β’ Im R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}} sind die Orthanten die vier Quadranten des kartesischen Koordinatensystems.
β’ Im R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} nennt man die acht Orthanten entsprechend Oktanten.
Einzelnachweise
cite-note-11. β Oliver Aberth: Introduction to Precise Numerical Methods, Elsevier 2007, ISBN 0-12-373859-8, Seite 142
cite-note-22. β Branko GrΓΌnbaum: Convex Polytopes, 2-te Auflage, Springer 2003, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, ISBN 978-0-387-40409-7, Seite 305
cite-note-33. β Rainer Dycherhoff, Karl Mosler: Orthant orderings of discrete random vectors, Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 62 (1997), Seiten 193β205